Cloninger's psychobiological model [
[1]
] measures individual differences in personality traits (both normal and pathological
personalities) [
[2]
,
[3]
]. Temperamental traits are defined as individual differences that are presupposed
to be independently inheritable, manifest in early life, and are related to emotion
regulation and perception-based habits and skills. Temperamental traits are classified
into four dimensions (Novelty-Seeking-NS, Harm-Avoidance-HA, Reward-Dependence-RD,
Persistence-PS). Character dimensions are defined as individual differences in self-concepts,
goals, and values, which develop during life through interpersonal and social experience
and are classified into three dimensions (Self-Directedness-SD, Cooperativeness-C,
Self-Transcendence-ST).Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 13, 2023
Accepted:
December 6,
2022
Received in revised form:
November 5,
2022
Received:
July 14,
2022
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
